Biology

Covers bio part of the syllabus

Biogeochemical Cycles

Biogeochemical Cycles

A biogeochemical cycle is a pathway by which a chemical substance moves through biotic (living world) and abiotic (lithosphere, atmosphere, and hydrosphere – non-living) components of Earth. Such cyclic flow involves the transfer of matter and energy between the different components of the biosphere.

Natural Resources

Natural Resources

Resources provided by nature on Earth which can be utilized by living organisms to sustain their life are called natural resources. These include air, water, soil, sunlight, minerals, etc. All these resources are found accumulated in different layers of Earth.

Food Resources

Food Resources_mod

There are various types of food resources available to man. Here we discuss how to improve crop yield and animal husbandry to increase food resources available to man.

Disease and Its Causes

Diseases and their causes

Disease refers to any condition that disturbs or modifies the normal functioning of the living organisms. Each organ system of our body has specific organs to perform particular functions. In the presence of a disease, functioning or the appearance of one or more systems of the body may change. These changes give rise to symptoms and signs of disease.

Health – the Basics

Health_the basics

Health is the state of proper functioning of body and mind. Any malfunctioning at the level of cells, organs or organ systems can be caused by various agents/factors.

Classification in Plants

Classification in Plants

First level of classification among plants depends on whether the plant body possesses well-differentiated distinct cellular components or not. Next level is based on the presence or absence of special vascular tissues for the transport of water and other substances. Further classification takes into account the ability to bear seeds and whether seeds are enclosed within the fruits or not.

Depending on these characteristics, kingdom-Plantae is divided as of Thallophyta, Bryophyta, Pteridophyta, Gymnosperms and Angiosperms.

Classification in Animals

Classification in Animals

Animals are the eukaryotic, multicellular and heterotrophic organisms. Their cells do not have cell walls and most of them are mobile. Kingdom-Animalia is thus classified on the basis of the extent and type of body design.

Animal Tissues

Animal Tissues_mod

Based on morphology, animal tissues can be grouped into four basic types. Multiple tissue types comprise organs and body structures. While all animals can generally be considered to contain the four tissue types, the manifestation of these tissues can differ depending on the type of organism.

The four basic Animal Tissues are: (i) Epithelial Tissue; (ii) Connective Tissue; (iii) Muscular Tissue; and (iv) Nervous Tissue.

Plant Tissues

Plant tissues_mod

The tissue is a group of cells. The cells in a tissue can be similar or different. The groups of cells thus formed carry specific functions. A group of different tissues makes an organ. There are two types of tissues : (i) Plant Tissue; and (ii) Animal Tissue.

Cell Structure

Cell Structure

A cell consists of three parts: the cell membrane, the nucleus, and, between the two, the cytoplasm. Within the cytoplasm lie intricate arrangements of fine fibers and hundreds or even thousands of miniscule but distinct structures called organelles. Here we cover them all.

Sources of Energy

A good source of energy would be one with (i) A large amount of work per unit volume or mass; (ii) easily accessible; (iii) easy to store and transport; and (iv) economical.

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